Airborne microorganisms survive in the atmosphere based on intrinsic adaptive features and the prevailing environmental conditions. The residence times for each group of organisms vary and may depend on whether they exist as spores or vegetative cells, and whether they are metabolically active or not. Bacterial vegetative cells, endospores, andContinue Reading
Differential Diagnosis Kwashiorkor The main differential for marasmus is kwashiorkor. The name for kwashiorkor is derived from the Ga language from Ghana and is used to describe the sickness that occurs in a child following weaning. It results in children suffering from a diet with a sufficient calorie intake butContinue Reading
To maintain the physiological requirements of the body, it is essential to take a sufficient amount of micro and macronutrients; however, the overconsumption of micronutrients and macronutrients can also be harmful. As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), malnutrition is an ‘inadequate or excess intake of protein, energy, andContinue Reading
Adverse event following immunization is any untoward medical occurrence which follows immunization and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the usage of the vaccine. If not rapidly and effectively dealt with, can undermine confidence in a vaccine and ultimately have dramatic consequences for immunization coverage and diseaseContinue Reading
by Kari A. Simonsen and Kingshuk Chatterjee Introduction Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by an encapsulated, spore-forming, gram-variable bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. This commonly presents with nonspecific prodromal symptoms such as fever, nausea, vomiting, and sweats which progress to dyspnea and ultimately respiratory failure and hemodynamic collapse. The bacteriaContinue Reading
Introduction Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco with the smoke inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Around 23 percent of the world’s population smokes cigarettes. Several studies have linked tobacco smoking to a range of devastating illnesses including coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic obstructive pulmonaryContinue Reading
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus carried by arthropods and a member of the Togaviridae family, which is spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Chikungunya fever, an acute febrile sickness, rash, and arthralgia are known to be caused by the virus. Subsequently, the infection may result in chronic and incapacitating arthritisContinue Reading
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a drug class FDA-approved for use as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic agents. These effects make NSAIDs useful for treating muscle pain, dysmenorrhea, arthritic conditions, pyrexia, gout, migraines, and used as opioid-sparing agents in certain acute trauma cases.Continue Reading
The Integrated Disease Surveillance (IDS) Programme ensures the availability of guidelines for integrated disease surveillance and response. It provides necessary technical support for strengthening national communicable disease surveillance systems through the implementation of the Regional Strategy for Integrated Disease Surveillance and the International Health Regulations.Continue Reading